誰が定年を決めるのか

FIRA60


こんにちは。


これまで、日本における定年退職の実情や60歳定年制についての話をしてきました。
日本では多くの会社が60歳定年を制度として採用していますが、実際には65歳までは雇用義務があり、そこまで働く人が多数であるという実態があります。


日本人は会社に定年制度があることが当たり前だと思っているかもしれませんが、そもそも日本のように会社が定年年齢を定めて一律に退職させる制度が普及している国は世界的には非常に稀です。
欧米諸国では年齢を理由にして会社を退職させることは年齢差別にあたると考えられ、そうした制度は禁止もしくは回避されています。
また、会社をいつ退職するかは個人の意思で決めることであり、会社が決めることではないという考え方が主流です。
では、こうした国では人々はどのようにして退職(仕事を引退する)時期を決めるのでしょうか。


一般的には、定年=年金を満額受給できる権利を得る年齢と考えられています。
この年齢は個人ごとに違うので、定年する年齢は一概に何歳とは言えません。
また、それより前に辞めることもそれ以降働くことも自分の意志で決められます。
しかし、定年年齢以降も働く人はおそらくほとんどいません
なぜなら、彼らはできるだけ早く仕事を辞めて自分の好きなことをして余生を送りたいと考えているからです。
私は以前に仕事でヨーロッパに数年間赴任したことがあります。
その時に現地の人たちについて感じたことがいくつかあります。

  • 彼らの多くはできれば仕事はやりたくない、労働は苦痛だと思っている
  • 彼らは引退したらやりたいことをたくさん持っている
  • それを実現するために、現役時代からそのための計画や準備をしながらそれを生きがいにして仕事をしている

ですから、彼らとしては辞められるものなら今すぐにでも仕事は辞めたい、しかし、老後の生活や夢の実現のためには資金を蓄え、年金もできるだけ多く受け取れるようにしたいから、年金を満額受給できる年齢までは頑張って働くという感じです。
裏を返せば、働く必要がなくなったらすぐに仕事は辞めるということです。
よって、会社が定年年齢を定めなくても時期が来れば自発的に辞めていってくれます


さて、日本ではどうでしょうか。
もし、欧米諸国のように会社による定年制度がなかったら、いつ引退するでしょうか。
一般的には、日本人は以下のような人が多いと言われています。

  • 老後資金が不安だからできるだけ長く働きたい
  • これまで仕事一筋で生きてきて趣味は仕事、引退しても他にやりたいことがない
  • 家に居場所がないから会社に行っている方がマシ
  • 人間関係が会社や仕事絡みのものしかいないから、退職すると孤独になってしまう

このような人は体力や健康状態が許す限り、働き続けようとするのではないでしょうか。
年功序列制度の色濃い日本の企業にとってこれは困ります。


だから、日本では会社が定年を定めて、強制的に一度会社を辞めてもらう必要があるのです。


Hello!


In my previous posts, I mentioned the reality of mandatory retirement and the system of mandatory retirement at 60 in Japan.
While many companies in Japan have a mandatory retirement system at age 60, in reality, employers are obligated to hire employees until age 65, and the fact is that most people continue working until that age.


A country like Japan where companies have mandatory retirement system to oblige all employees to retire at a certain age is actually rare worldwide, though Japanese people may think it is common sense.
In Western countries, systems to force employees to retire from their companies based on age are either prohibited or avoided because it is considered age discrimination.
Moreover, it is widely accepted there that the decision of when to retire should be made by an individual employee, not by a company.
So, how do people in these countries decide what age to retire?


They generally recognize the retirement age as the age at which they become eligible to receive a full pension.
Since this age can differ from person to person even within the same country, it is difficult to specify a single age.
In addition, they can make their own decision whether to retire before that age or continue working after that.
However, in practice, there are probably very few people who continue to work beyond that age.
This is because they want to retire as early as possible and to spend the rest of their life doing what they like.
I once lived in Europe for a few years for work.
During that time, I had some impressions about the local people as follows;

  • Most of them would rather not work if they could, and they think labor is painful.
  • They have a lot of things they want to do after retirement.
  • In order to make those dreams come true, they start planning and preparing while they are still working, which would motivate them to work.

While they would retire right now if they could, they have to save enough money and to receive as much pension as possible for their life after retirement as well as for making their dreams come true. That is why they keep working until they reach the age at which they can receive the full pension.
In other words, once they don’t need to work anymore, they will retire soon.
As a result, even if a company does not set a mandatory retirement age, employees will voluntarily leave when the time comes.


What do you think about the situation in Japan?
When would people retire if companies didn’t set a mandatory retirement age, like Western countries?
In general, it is said that many Japanese people tend to think as follows;

  • They want to work as long as possible because of worries about retirement savings.
  • They have devoted their whole life to work, and their work is like their hobby. They don’t know what they want to do other than work even after retirement.
  • They would rather be at work because they don’t feel at home.
  • Because all their relationships are work-related, they are afraid they will be lonely after retirement.

Such people may try to keep working indefinitely as long as they have no physical or health limitations.
That is a serious problem for Japanese companies where seniority system remains.


For this reason, it is companies that uniformly decide a retirement age for individuals by mandatory retirement system in Japan and make them leave the company at that age even if it is just a formality.

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